Transgenders: New Identities and Visibilities

Transgenres: Nouvelles Identités et Visibilités

COLLOQUE INTERNATIONAL organisé par/ International Conference organized by Chantal ZABUS (UParis 3, CREF/G, UMR 7171), David COAD (UValenciennes), et Marie-Hélène BOURCIER (ULille 3, EHESS/CADIS)

22-23 May 2009 at the EHESS, 105 Boulevard Raspail, 75006 Paris, Métro St. Placide

Bambi consacre le colloque vendredi après-midi

The conference explores the new “trans” cultures – transsexuality, transgenderism, and genderqueer. These cultures find their expression in new forms that can be either seen or read, especially autobiographical texts such as those by Kate Bornstein (1994), Bambi (2003), or Ludwig Trovato (2003, 2007). These texts, films, and images reveal new subjectivities that question the sex/gender binary system. The conference also looks at the relations between queer and trans subcultures. “Transgenders” will be the occasion for literary critics, theoreticians, artists, doctors, lawyers, and activists, coming from Europe, North America, and South Africa, to examine race, ethnicity, class, and the desires of transidentities-in-becoming.

Ce colloque explore les nouvelles cultures ‘trans’, transsexuel(le)s, transgenres, genderqueer. Celles-ci se manifestent par l’émergence de nouvelles formes de visibilité et de lisibilité, et notamment d’expression et de création autobiographiques, qu’il s’agisse de Kate Bornstein (1994) ou Bambi (2003) en passant par Ludwig Trovato (2003, 2007). Ces textes, ces films, ces images montrent de nouvelles subjectivités qui remettent en cause le binarisme de notre système sexe/genre. Le colloque interroge également les relations entre subcultures queer et trans. « Transgenres » réunit donc critiques littéraires, théoriciens, artistes, médecins, avocats, et activistes venant d’Europe, de l’Amérique du Nord, et de l’Afrique du Sud pour prendre en compte l’appartenance raciale ou sociale, l’ethnicité,  le désir des transidentités en devenir.

Photographs by Sara Davidmann

Le vendredi 22 mai, Friday 22 May 2009 – (Amphithéâtre 1 - EHESS- 105, Boulevard Raspail, Paris, Métro St. Placide)

A partir de 9h/ as of 9:00 a.m: inscription/ registration

9:30 : Allocution de bienvenue/ Welcoming address: Michel COLLOT (UParis 3/IUF – UMR7171) & Mireille CALLE (UParis 3 – CREF/G)

Chantal ZABUS (UParis 3/IUF), David COAD (UValenciennes), Marie Hélène BOURCIER (EHESS): Présentation du Colloque/ About the Conference (en français/ in English)

9:50 : Keynote address/ allocution d’ouverture – Marie-Hélène BOURCIER (ULille3)

 

Imaginaires et littératures/Literatures and the Imaginary

10:20 : Pause-café/coffee break;

Littérature/ Literature

10.45 : Eveline KILIAN (UBerlin, Germany): “Spaces of the Imagination: Crossing Boundaries in Literature and Film.”

11.15 : Sarah Anaïs CREVIER-GOULET (UParis3/UMontréal, Canada): “Discorpsdance du sexe et du genre: Hélène Cixous et Judith Butler au regard du transgenre.”

11.45 John GILMORE (UWarwick, Great Britain): “’Warbling Eunuchs’: Gender, Xenophobia, and the Castrato Singer in Eighteenth-Century Britain.”

Questions-réponses jusqu’à 12h45/ question-answer session until 12: 45 p.m.

Déjeuner / Lunch at Le Trait d'Union (pour les inscrits/for those who have registered)

Les Arts Visuels/ The Visual Arts

2:30 : Bambi

2:45 : Sara DAVIDMANN (U of the Arts London, Great Britain): “Visible and Invisible Genders: Photography and the Self-Visualization of Transsexual People.”

3:15 : Susan STRYKER (LGBT-California, United States): “Christine in the Cutting Room: The Cinematic Embodiment of Transsexual Celebrity Christine Jorgensen.”

Questions-réponses jusqu’à 16h/ question-answer session until 4: 00 p.m.

6:00 : EXPO et vernissage de l’oeuvre de Sara DAVIDMANN (Londres)/ Sara DAVIDMANN exhibit and cocktail, Centre LBGT, 63, rue Beaubourg, 75003 PARIS;

Suivi de la projection du film « Ludwig » de Ludwig TROVATO.

 

Le samedi 23 mai/ Saturday 23 May 2009, Paris 3 (Amphithéâtre 1 - EHESS- 105 Boulevard Raspail, Paris, Métro St. Placide)

Le corps, la loi, et le devenir/ Bodies under the Law and in Becoming

9:30 : Inscription/ registration

10:00 : Stephen WHITTLE (Manchester Metropolitan University, Great Britain): “Some Courtroom Dramas: Transgender on Trial.”

10:30 : Ludwig TROVATO (Reims, France): “Mon sexe est dans ma tête.”

11:00 : Pause-café/coffee break;

11:30 : Cheryl STOBIE (UKwaZulu-Natal, South Africa): “He uses my body: Female Traditional Healers, Male Ancestors and Transgender in South Africa.”

Questions-réponses jusqu’à 12h15/ question-answer session until 12:15p.m.

Déjeuner/ Lunch (TBA)

2:15 : Vernon ROSARIO (M.D., UCLA, United States): “Ethnicity and Trans-gender/ sexuality.”

2:45 : Karine ESPINEIRA (UNice-Sophia Antipolis, France): “La transidentité : de l’espace médiatique à l’espace public.”

3:15 : Sally HINES (ULeeds, Great Britain): “Gender Diversity and Social/Cultural Change: Reflections and Futures.”

Questions-réponses jusqu’à 15h45/ question-answer session until 3:45 p.m.

3:45 : pause-café/coffee break

4:00 : Table Ronde/ Round Table animée par/ moderated by Marie-Hélène BOURCIER avec la participation de/ with Cynthia & Melissa ARRA, Carine BOEUF, Vincent HE-SAY. Projection d’extraits de L’ordre des mots.

5:15 : Clôture du colloque/ Closing ceremony.

 

To contact the organisers: Chantal ZABUS czabus@hotmail.com; David COAD ; Marie-Hélène Bourcier

ABSTRACTS

Eveline Kilian: Spaces of the Imagination: Crossing Gender Boundaries in Literature and Film

Theoretical approaches to transgender owe much to queer theory and its insistence on subverting the binary gender order and the heterosexual matrix. The concept of queer is mobilized by exclusions, as Judith Butler has pointed out. The queer subject speaks from the position of the excluded, and by interrogating the discourse of heteronormativity that produces precisely these exclusions; it becomes a site of resistance from which alternative models of subjectivity can be generated. One such alternative has been the postulation of a ‘third space’ beyond or between the binary poles, another, the attempt to pluralize genders and sexualities.Bearing these theoretical assumptions in mind, this paper will explore the specific potential of literary texts and of film to create a space for the expression of transgender formations and ‘identities’. To what extent do they still rely on and to what extent are they able to transcend existing gender norms? The examples I will look at will inevitably raise the question of how these liteary configurations relate to the extraliterary world and to what extent this relationship is dramatized in the fictional work itself. To put it differently: If, from the perspective of the dominant gender norm, the transgender position is excluded in the sense of being relegated to an ‘uninhabitable’ zone of social life, as Butler has claimed, then the question is: what are the conditions of its existence, of its visibility, both in the literary text/film and in real life.

 

Sarah Anaïs Crevier-Goulet: Discorpsdance du sexe et du genre : Hélène Cixous et Judith Butler en regard du transgenre

«  [ B ] ien sûr, pour essayer cela me passionnerait de connaître le monde avec un autre corps, de pouvoir par la suite vraiment travailler, d’une part et d’autre part, la différence sexuelle, de connaître l’air, les pierres, la terre, avec d’autres muscles, de connaître la mystérieuse jouissance masculine, oui j’aimerais connaître, savoir ce voyage, et tout ce qui l’accompagne  », écrit Hélène Cixous dans son essai « Contes de la différence sexuelle ». Sous le signe des Métamorphoses d’Ovide, il s’agira ici de poser la question du transgenre en étudiant les transformations virtuelles-réelles du corps dans l’oeuvre récente de l’écrivaine Hélène Cixous. Ce travail ne pourra se faire sans l’aide des notions fondamentales que sont l’imitation, l’identification mais aussi le transfert (l’amour ?), notions reformulées depuis le point de vue de la psychanalyse par la philosophe Judith Butler au sein de sa théorie de la performativité du genre et de sa description de la mélancolie inhérente à la construction des genres. Nous verrons dans ce contexte que c’est lorsque la parole s’incarne et que le corps résonne au plus près de ses affects qu’une traversée des genres et un débordement des dualismes sont à l’oeuvre. La question du rapport entre sexe et genre sera ici reposée à partir d’une certaine discordance – et l’on verra comment mots et corps dansent ensemble.

 

John Gilmore:“Warbling Eunuchs”: Gender, Xenophobia, and the Castrato Singer in Eighteenth-Century Britain.

Operas in the Italian manner, particularly those by Handel, enjoyed an enormous success in London in the early eighteenth century. However, they also attracted considerable controversy, even ridicule, because of the importance they gave to the castrato singer. Castrati were employed in opera not simply because they had high voices, but also because (partly as a result of the physiological consequences of their condition and partly as a result of training) they enjoyed a considerable range and extraordinary vocal power and control. On one level, therefore, it should not be surprising that they were used for heroic male rôles, or that they should have been seen as sexually attractive. Nevertheless, there were cultural critics, in Britain and elsewhere, who found this phenomenon disturbing and denounced it as unnatural. This paper seeks to examine a number of representations of castrati in British literature of the period, in both English and Latin, and to explore how ideas about the castrati were intertwined with stereotypes of the Italian as exotic Other.

 

Sara Davidmann: Visible and Invisible Genders

This paper arises out of a three-yearpost-doctoralphotography research project that is being carried out in collaboration with transsexual people. The project explores trans self-visualisation and the relationship between the body, gender, and photography, in the broader context of the dynamic social world of visual communication in everyday life. A series of photographs from the project will be exhibited during the conference. In this paper I shall discuss the significance of these photographs and place them in the critical context from which they emerge. This work engages with Maurice Merleau-Ponty’s concept of ‘being-in-the-world’. Following this, photographs and sound recordings are made with participants in the different social spaces that they inhabit. An important aspect of my photography is the collaborative base upon which it is built. In the work the lived experiences of the participants are prioritised and the subjects’ perspectives inform the photographs. Arising from this, I argue in the paper that the photographs present a very different version of what it means to be a transsexual person than the stereotypical model that is frequently portrayed in the mass media. I explore the significance of trans visibility/invisibility and how this surfaces in the photography. Further, I suggest that this work constitutes an intervention that initiates a questioning of pre-conceptions of gender and the body.

 

Susan Stryker: Christine in the Cutting Room: The Cinematic Embodiment of Transsexual Celebrity Christine Jorgensen

This presentation draws upon my research for a transgenre film I am making about 1950s transsexual celebrity Christine Jorgensen. Jorgensen is remembered primarily as a visual icon of transsexuality, but prior to her post-surgical celebretisation, she worked as a newsreel editor at RKO Studies, and as a fashion photographer. She thus performs labor as both image and image-maker. Building from a remark Jorgensen once made to American television journalist Mike Wallace--that she used to “work on one side of the camera” because she “didn't know how to appear on the other side”--I develop an argument that Jorgensen's change of sex was conceived by her, and can be understood by us, in cinematic as well as surgical terms. In her transformation, we can perceive a “technology of gender” whose surgical and hormonal techniques create spatiotemporal images according to logics and mechanisms of visual production that we are long familiar with through film.

 

Stephen Whittle: Some Courtroom Dramas: Transgender on Trial

The transgender person has proven an enigma to judicial systems worldwide. Case law exists as far back as the early 1960’s, and covers a broad range of subjects in which the trans identity is questioned repeatedly. From discussions about whether gender reassignment surgery constituted the criminal offence of maiming a person, to whether a trans woman was a woman for the purposes of marriage, the courts have until recently taken a negative attitude to trans people. This paper will chart the slowly progressive nature of trans law, from its negative beginnings to its positive future, and will ask the question “what made trans people so contrary to jurisprudence in the past, and are there things now that still terrify the law of trans people”. In particular, I will address the jurisprudence of the body in the history of law in Europe, from the jurisprudence of intersex to the jurisprudence of transgender, and I will ask why is it that Europe has moved so far in recent years as to make trans men and women quite simply just men and just women. And is there anything else still to be done in order to ensure the recent moves forward, are not retreated from in national law.

 

Ludwig Trovato: Mon sexe est dans ma tête

Mon vrai sexe est dans ma tête, oui, je n’ai cessé de l’affirmer. Dans un livre d’abord, puis dans un film. Et mon genre d’aujourd’hui est tellement celui que j’ai choisi qu’il importe peu que mon sexe soit connoté différemment: féminin, dit-on. Mais est-ce donc si simple ? Ce n’est pas dichotomique à ce point. Revenons au point de départ. J’étais une file qui voulait être un garçon. J’en ai adopté le genre. Je voulais changer de sexe aussi. Trop compliqué ! Mon sexe est dans ma tête, me suis-je dit. Mais pas seulement, serais-je tenté de dire aujourd’hui. Le genre du sexe est aussi dans le mouvement. Du bassin, des reins, dans cet « aller de l’avant » du sexe tout entier. La testostérone aide bien sûr, mais avant elle ? Du plus loin que je me souvienne, c’est la masturbation qui m’a amené sur la voie. Je ne me masturbais pas comme une  fille. Alors quel était donc ce plaisir si direct qu’il différait du plaisir « féminin » ? Entre quatorze et dix-sept ans, les mouvements de ma main sur mon sexe ont changé. On m’avait dit, j’avais lu, entendu, qu’il suffisait de caresser d’un doigt, de chercher, de frôler avec délicatesse ce petit bourgeon qu’on nomme clitoris. Cela ne me contentait pas. J’ai vite réalisé que c’était le sexe tout entier qu’il me fallait empoigner, et exécuter un mouvement de bas en haut, en saisissant le plus de masse possible, vigoureusement. S’il est dans ma tête mon pénis, il est aussi entre mes jambes j’en suis aujourd’hui bien convaincu. Et je me dois de décrire de l’intérieur, moi, Ludwig Trovato, transgenre ftm, le plaisir sexuel qui est le mien.

 

Cheryl Stobie: “He uses my body”: Female Traditional Healers, Male Ancestors and Transgender in South Africa

This paper focuses on the effects of spirituality in a specifically material, embodied postcolonial context. It delineates the empowerment obtained and tensions experienced in the case of Nkunzi Nkabinde, a sangoma, or traditional healer in South Africa. The name Nkunzi, meaning Black Bull, was previously her late grandfather’s. This ancestor, a traditional, rural Zulu patriarch, is also her main possessing spirit in her healing work. This possession, I argue, serves a validating transgender function in the case of Nkabinde, who identifies as a lesbian. While urban lesbians are subject to “corrective” rape, and rural lesbian sangomas frequently conceal their sexuality, Nkabinde is openly lesbian – to the extent of writing a book about her experiences – but feels protected from harm because of her spiritual power. The combination of female embodiment and possession by a traditional male spirit is also problematic, as it entails a conflict between Nkabinde’s reverence for tradition and her feminist, urban, Modernist beliefs in the South African Constitution. In addition to male ancestral guidance, Nkabinde is possessed by a female spirit. Her trans/gender performances are not stable or readily fitted into a Western model. In this paper I trace similarities and differences between Nkabinde’s narrative and interview accounts by other lesbian sangomas. I examine consonances between these narratives and Western transgender narratives, and I point out culturally specific differences. Finally, following Gayle Rubin and Ernest Renan I situate transgender as I read it in various accounts of lesbian sangomas as a significant test of a nation in flux.

 

Vernon Rosario: Ethnicity and Trans-gender/sexuality

Background: Although Christine Jorgensen brought transsexualism to world-wide attention in 1952, the medical study of transsexualism or Gender Identity Disorder (GID) has largely focussed on white, middle-class male-to-female (MTF) transsexuals. Only recently has non-Euro-American gender atypicality been studied, mostly by anthropologists (Herdt 1996). Studies of American transgender youth of color have largely centered around HIV prevention, and these have found that this population has a high rate of HIV seroprevalence and sex work (Nemoto et al. 2004), as well as high rates of depression, suicide attempts, substance abuse, and psychiatric hospitalization (Clements-Nolle et al. 2001). Significant numbers also self-administer hormones or inject liquid silicone (Garofalo et al 2006). Methods: Relying on case material gleaned from the treatment of inner-city African-American and Latino gender-atypical adolescents in the dependency and delinquency systems, this presentation examines the culturally-specific risks and coping mechanisms of these transgender youth. Results: Cultural, religious, and family values are often anti-gay and anti-transgender (Rosario et al. 2004). Expressions of sexuality are further shaped by stereotypes of gender as well as the visibility of transsexual sex work in Los Angeles. Culturally shared beliefs shape gender-atypical teens’ psychosexual development and complicate psychiatric diagnosis. Their psychosexual development frequently does not follow the typical life course of GID as described in the DSM and their transgender identity is sometimes fluid. Conclusions: African-American and Latino gender atypical adolescents in the poor, inner-city struggle with culturally specific challenges in their psychosexual development. These cultural forces shape their sexual behavior, as well as sexual and gender identity. They particularly complicate the application of DSM GID criteria and the evaluation for gender-reassignment hormones and surgery. Social and cultural stressors can lead to major mental illness and substance abuse. Familiarity with these diverse cultural factors during treatment is important for effective psychotherapy, HIV prevention, and drug rehabilitation.

 

Karine Espineira: Les représentations médiatiques des transidentités: aspects communicationnels d’une modélisation sociale et culturelle

La transidentité à la télévision s’appréhende sur plus de quatre décennies. Les représentations de la transidentité ont évolué de façon cycliques et conjoncturelles à l’égal des représentations d’autres groupes, dits minoritaires et assurément discriminés. L’émergence de la transidentité comme thème de télévision a prit le ton du fait divers avant d’évoluer vers d’autres termes de représentations passant par divers étiquetages : fait de société, égalité des droits, lutte contre les discriminations. En parallèle, le changement de sexe est peut être devenu un changement de genre dans le media et à son insu. Sur le terrain, les transidentités, dénoncent amalgames, discriminations, détournements. Les termes de la représentation seraient toujours négatifs, pire : faux. Comment mesurer l’écart d’énoncé/dénoncé entre la représentation et la réalité des transidentités, de la transidentité, si l’on admet cet état de fait ? Le media audiovisuel a-t-il créé une transidentité télévisuelle à destination d’un public demandeur ou voyeur, désireux de comprendre ou à éduquer ? Autant d’interrogations menant inéluctablement à la question: la transidentité peut-elle être discutée en télévision ? Autrement dit, si les représentations médiatiques des transidentités obéissent à un modèle pré-établi par trop éloigné de la réalité, comment ne pas s’interroger sur une éventuelle invention d’un transsexualisme télévisuel contribuant à maintenir un ordre des genres dans un ordre symbolique régissant et restreignant l’expression identitaire ? A moins qu’il ne faille s’intéresser aux termes de la modélisation présumée de la transidentité? Dans ce cas, l’observation ne s’attardera plus seulement aux rapports entre transidentités et télévision, mais intégrera des données telles que les mises en scène (pédagogies, confrontations ?) entre experts et « victimes de transidentité », entre transidentités et « victimes  familiales » (conjoints, parents, enfants de ces transidentités) ? Si modélisation il y a, elle est sociale et culturelle. Chaque témoignage rejoue-t-il la dramatique du changement de sexe ou narre-t-il la cruauté du changement de genre ? La parole du témoignage, fait-elle la part belle à une histoire individuelle maintenant la transidentité comme une éternelle première fois, ou tente-elle au-delà du récit personnel (à laquelle elle serait sans cesse ramenée) de faire état d’une cause transidentitaire ? On ne peut nier l’évolution des représentations aujourd’hui plurielles (mais en majorité binaires), transgénérationnelles et esthétiques. La personne trans’ peut aussi bien être un homme comme une femme, parfois un autre ne souhaitant pas se définir (bien que cette parole fréquente sur le terrain soit marginale en télévision), aussi bien une personne jeune que mature, crédible ou pas dans son genre revendiqué, mais désormais bénéficiant d’un traitement esthétique. La caméra prend soin de ses sujets et des atmosphères lourde des plateaux de débats (Dossiers de l’écran, En quête de vérité, etc.) ou des cabinets exutoires (les émissions de M. Dumas entre autres), le sujet vit et se meut à la lumière et des couleurs vives des terrasses de café aux jardins publics, en passant par les salles de sport, les bureaux de travail ou encore des intérieurs soignés (Sexe, Nés dans le corps d’un autre, Nous n’irons plus au Bois). Le cinéma et les séries télévisées forment aussi des héros et des héroïnes exceptionnel-les d’un quotidien (parfois des plus sombres : Les Expert, FBI Portés Disparus, Cold Case, Dirty Sexy Money) qui l’est soudain tout autant dans la dramaturgie la plus courue et la plus évidente: celle de l’individu et de sa singularité au sein du monde.

 

Sally Hines: Gender Diversity and Social/Cultural Change: Reflections and Futures

In recent years ‘transgender’ has moved from the margins to emerge as a subject of increasing social, cultural and academic interest. This paper seeks to explore the ‘turn’ to transgender across cultural, social, academic and legal arenas. These developments will be contextualised in relation to broader shifting understandings of ‘identity’, ‘recognition’ and ‘citizenship’, and the politics of social movements around gender and sexuality. Of key importance is the question of praxis: to what extent do the aforementioned developments speak to the material concerns of trans people? Or, in other words, has a social, cultural and legal focus on ‘transgender’ made any difference? With this question in mind, the second part of the paper draws on my current qualitative research, which is exploring experiences of gaining ‘recognition’. I suggest that while some new forms of femininity and masculinity benefit from recent social and legal developments, other experiences and practices of gender diversity remain marginalised. Such considerations, I will argue, point to the continued importance of foregrounding gender transformation in future theory and politics.